Sunday’s attack on Israel by Iran involved 185 drones, 36 cruise missiles and 110 surface-to-surface missiles, according to leaked Israel reports to the New York Times. Most came from the Iranian mainland with a few fired by proxies in Iraq and Yemen. Israel, in conjunction with the armed forces of the US, UK, France and Jordan, defended itself by employing the home-made Iron Dome and David’s Sling as well as the American manufactured Arrow system to shoot down the ayatollahs’ lethal visitors.
This followed an attack a couple of weeks ago, on a building in Damascus, situated between the Iranian and Canadian Embassies. Key Iranian commanders, General Mohammed Reza Zahedi and his deputy were killed, along with their staff. Both had been heavily involved in providing arms to Hezbollah — and almost certainly smuggling arms and expertise to Hamas operatives in Gaza over many years.
Zahedi was a commander with the al-Quds Force of the Revolutionary Guards in Lebanon. He was only brought back to Syria in December because the experienced Revolutionary Guards commander, Sayyed Razi Mousavi, had similarly been killed — and this in turn followed the assassination of the legendary al-Quds Force leader, Qasem Soleimani, by the Americans in 2020.
So the elimination of pivotal Iranian military figures is not a new occurrence. After all, the Director of Iran’s nuclear program, Professor Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, was killed in an ambush in 2020 — almost certainly instigated by Israel.
According to the Israeli media, the killing of Zahedi on April 1 would have involved “the whole chain of (Israeli) authorisation to decide to attack”. Did the Iranian response of a calibrated but mass attack from Iranian soil therefore catch Israel by surprise? Did a reckless Netanyahu miscalculate once again?
Appearances can be misleading. Netanyahu’s guiding mantra has always been encapsulated in the term, “reciprocity”. He utilised this to thwart the Oslo peace process after he became prime minister for the first time in 1996. Iran, too, mustered all the Palestinian rejectionists, including Hamas, at that time to snuff out any reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians. For his part, Netanyahu then propagated a wave of accusations against the Palestinian Authority. The trust built by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat was thrown to the winds.
Even so, Netanyahu could point to Tractate Sanhedrin in the Babylonian Talmud: “If someone comes to kill you, rise up and kill him first”. After all, Israel did not wait to be overwhelmed by the Egyptian army during the Six Day War in June 1967 but attacked first and comprehensively destroyed Nasser’s air force on the ground.
Netanyahu, wrapped in the robe of “total victory” in Gaza, however, does not possess Ben-Gurion’s sense of the political and military reality or Peres’s understanding of subtle diplomacy.
Iran’s explanation for its mass attack on Israel was that Israel had attacked “Iranian territory” in Damascus rather than its military commanders in Syria and Lebanon. But its angst is more likely linked to Tehran’s desire to maintain its standing in the developing world — and in particular to replace the United States in the Global South in Africa and Latin America.
It has previously operated through its proxies and stood on the sidelines during the tortuous Gaza conflict and let others do the fighting. Now the losses clearly outweigh the gains with regard to this backroom approach and Iran has had to come into the open to bolster its faltering position and to restore its understanding of deterrence.
In August 2021, Ebrahim Raisi became President of Iran and adopted a much lower profile than his predecessors. However, he had followed a murderous path during the 1980s, when he ruthlessly liquidated thousands of opponents of the Islamic regime in the service of Ayatollah Khomeini.
One of Raisi’s prerogatives on coming to power was to cement the Global South into a pro-Iranian outlook. It thus cultivated existing ties with major players in the developing world such as South Africa. Since the very early days of the struggle against apartheid, there was contact between the African National Congress (ANC) and the ayatollahs of Tehran.
Opposing apartheid was a cause espoused not only by pro-Western liberals who believed in human rights and the rule of law, but also by the far Left. The ANC described itself as “an international movement to liberate humanity from the bondage of imperialism and neo-colonialism” in a statement in October 2015. Elements within the ANC had few qualms, therefore, in cooperating with Iran.
Even so, Iran was sufficiently content to sell oil to the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1985. In return, Iran received South African arms to fight Saddam Hussein’s forces during the decade long Iran-Iraq war. The infamous anti-racism Conference in Durban in 2001 saw Iran pulling the strings in promoting a “Zionism is Racism” resolution, downgrading the uniqueness of the Shoah and using incendiary language, designed to hammer in the final nails into the coffin of the Oslo Accords.
As the ANC distanced itself from Mandela’s conduct and plunged headlong into moral corruption, the historic ties with Iran were used to dilute opposition to Tehran’s nuclear progress. The ANC became a byword for mismanagement, incompetence and bankruptcy.
Tehran paid the bills in a country where the poverty rate was 63% in 2022. Three years earlier, Mohammedreza Karbasi, an official of the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, estimated that Tehran’s foreign direct investment in South Africa amounted to more than $US135 billion.
The South African press in recent weeks has been rife with suspicion that South Africa’s abrupt volte-face towards the Jewish state in recent times and its prominence in accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza at the International Court of Justice in the Hague is linked to Iran bailing out a cash-strapped ANC. It is likely to lose heavily in the South African election at the end of next month.
Similarly, Nicaragua has called on the International Court of Justice to halt German military and other aid to Israel, arguing that Berlin’s support was enabling acts of genocide and breaches of international humanitarian law. Authoritarian regimes in Latin America, such as Venezuela and Colombia, have also supported this approach and they, too, have close ties with Teheran. All this came ironically at the same time when Argentina’s Court of Cassation has deemed Iran and Hezbollah responsible for the bombing of the AMIA headquarters of the Jewish Community in Argentina in July 1994.
Israel has said that it will retaliate for Iran’s attack, but what this means in reality is anyone’s guess. If Netanyahu dons his Likud warrior clothing and launches a belligerent or full-frontal assault, he risks opening a new front with no obvious exit strategy. It is to be hoped that wiser military heads will prevail, as Israel’s friends from the US have been advising. If he takes stock and looks at the longer term, a clever management of the crisis could eventually deflate Iran’s bid for influence in the Global South and see the ayatollahs and their acolytes returned to their medieval cave to reside in splendid isolation.
Jewish Independent 15 April 2024